Understanding the Bible Belt in the United States

Understanding the Bible Belt in the United States When American geographers map rates of religious belief and regular attendance at places of worship, a distinct region of religiosity appears on the map of the United States. This region is known as the Bible Belt, and while it can be measured in a variety of ways, it tends to include much of the American South.   First Use of Bible Belt The term Bible Belt was first used by the American writer and satirist H.L. Mencken  in 1925 when he was reporting on the Scopes Monkey Trial which took place in Dayton, Tennessee. Mencken was writing for the Baltimore Sun  and used the term in a derogatory way, referring to the region in subsequent pieces with such quotes as the Bible and Hookworm Belt and Jackson, Mississippi in the heart of the Bible and Lynching Belt.   Defining The Bible Belt The term gained popularity and began to be used to name the region of the southern U.S. states in the popular media and in academia. In 1948, the Saturday Evening Post  named Oklahoma City the capital of the Bible Belt. In 1961, geographer Wilbur Zelinsky, a student of Carl Sauer, defined the region of the Bible Belt as one in which Southern Baptists, Methodists, and evangelical Christians were the predominant religious group. Thus, Zelinsky defined the Bible Belt as a region stretching from West Virginia and southern Virginia to southern Missouri in the north to Texas and northern Florida in the south. The region that Zelinsky outlined did not include Southern Louisiana due to its preponderance of Catholics, nor central and southern Florida due to its diverse demographics, nor South Texas with its large Hispanic (and thus Catholic or Protestant) population.   History of the Bible Belt The region known as the Bible Belt today was in the 17th and 18th centuries a center of Anglican (or Episcopalian) beliefs. In the late 18th century and into the 19th century, Baptist denominations, especially Southern Baptist, began to gain in popularity. By the 20th century, evangelical Protestantism could be the defining belief system in the region known as the Bible Belt.   In 1978, geographer Stephen Tweedie of Oklahoma State University published the definitive article about the Bible Belt, Viewing the Bible Belt, in the  Journal of Popular Culture.  In that article, Tweedie mapped Sunday television watching habits for five leading evangelical religious television programs. His map of the Bible Belt expanded the region defined by Zelinsky and included a region that encompassed the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas. But his research also broke the Bible Belt into two core regions, a western region and an eastern region. Tweedies western Bible Belt was focused on a core that extended from Little Rock, Arkansas to Tulsa, Oklahoma. His eastern Bible Belt was focused on a core that included the major population centers of Virginia and North Carolina. Tweedie identified secondary core regions surrounding Dallas and Wichita Falls, Kansas to Lawton, Oklahoma.   Tweedie suggested that Oklahoma City was the buckle or capital of the Bible Belt but many other commentators and researchers have suggested other locations. It was H.L. Mencken who first suggested that Jackson, Mississippi was the capital of the Bible Belt. Other suggested capitals or buckles (in addition to the cores identified by Tweedie) include Abilene, Texas; Lynchburg, Virginia; Nashville, Tennessee; Memphis, Tennessee; Springfield, Missouri; and Charlotte, North Carolina.   The Bible Belt Today Studies of religious identity in the United States continually point to the southern states as an enduring Bible Belt. In a 2011 survey by Gallup, the organization found Mississippi to be the state containing the highest percentage of very religious Americans. In Mississippi, 59 percent of residents were identified as being very religious. With the exception of number two Utah, all of the states in the top ten are states commonly identified as being part of the Bible Belt. (The top 10 were: Mississippi, Utah, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Oklahoma.)   The Un-Bible Belts On the other hand, Gallup and others have pointed out that the opposite of the Bible Belt, perhaps an Unchurched Belt or a Secular Belt, exists in the Pacific Northwest and the northeastern United States. Gallups survey found that a mere 23 percent of Vermont residents are considered to be very religious. The 11 states (due to the tie for tenth place) that are home for the least religious Americans are Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Alaska, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Connecticut, New York, and Rhode Island.   Politics and Society in the Bible Belt Many commentators have pointed out that while religious observance in the Bible Belt is high, it is a region of a variety of social issues. Educational attainment and college graduation rates in the Bible Belt are among the lowest in the United States. Cardiovascular and heart disease, obesity, homicide, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections are among the highest rates in the nation.   At the same time, the region is known for its conservative values, and the region is often considered to be a politically conservative region. The red states within the Bible Belt traditionally support Republican candidates for state and federal office. Alabama, Mississippi, Kansas, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas have consistently pledged their electoral college votes to the Republican candidate for president in each presidential election since 1980. Other Bible Belt states usually vote Republican, but candidates such as Bill Clinton from Arkansas have sometimes swayed the votes in Bible Belt states.   In 2010,  Matthew Zook and Mark Graham utilized online place name data to identify the preponderance of the word church locally. What resulted is a map that is a good approximation of the Bible Belt as defined by Tweedie and extending into the Dakotas. Other Belts in America Other Bible Belt-style regions have been named in the United States. The Rust Belt of the former industrial heartland of America is one such region. Other belts include the Corn Belt, Snow Belt, and Sunbelt.

Ultimate Study Guide SAT World History Subject Test

Ultimate Study Guide SAT World History Subject Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Subject Tests are required or recommended at the most competitive colleges because they provide a standardized measurement of your expertise in academic areas that interest you. If you're a history buff applying to very selective colleges, you might be considering the SAT Subject Test World History (aka the SAT 2 World History) as one of your options. This guide will help you figure out when to take the test, how the questions are formatted, and how you can study effectively. Should You Take the World History SAT Subject Test? When? Before you start studying, it’s important to know: Should you be taking this test right now? Or ever? Is the test even offered at the time when you plan to take it? You only need to take SAT subject tests if you’re applying to colleges that require or strongly recommend that you submit SAT II scores. In these cases, it's best totake one science or math subject test and one humanities subject test.Make sure World History is your best option for a humanities subject test before you commit to it.If there’s another humanities subject test that interests you more (or that you think you’d do better on), you should take that one instead! Also, be warned that the World History SAT Subject Test is only offered in August, December, and June, not on every regular SAT test date like some more popular subject tests. If you already knew all that and are definitely set on taking the test, you also have to think about which year you should take it.It’s best to take subject tests when you’ve just finished a year-long course in the corresponding subject.You may not need to study much at all if you’ve already spent time preparing for the final in your class. The College Board’s recommended preparation for the World History Subject Test includes: One-year comprehensive course in world history at the college-preparatory level Independent reading or study of historical topics covered on the test Review of world history textbooks Make sure you take this exam when you’re in the best position to score well! In the next few sections, I'lltalk more about the specifics of what you can expect to see on the test. This test is gonna be a SLAM DUNK if you take it right after a year-long world history class. What’s the Format of the SAT World History Subject Test? The World History Subject Test contains 95 multiple-choice questions which you will answer over the course of an hour. Like other subject tests, it is scored on a scale from 200-800.Unfortunately, there is still a quarter-point penalty for incorrect answers on the World History Subject Test, but you won’t get any points taken off for leaving questions blank. Each correct answer earns you one point. The College Board’s â€Å"Anticipated Skills† for SAT World History include: Familiarity with terminology, cause-and-effect relationships, geography, and other data necessary for understanding major historical developments A grasp of concepts essential to historical analysis An ability to use historical knowledge in interpreting data in maps, graphs, charts, or cartoons Individual questions are presented in several different formats, which I'll detail for you in the next section. What Types of Questions Are on the Test? I’ve divided the questions on this subject test into three main types.I’ll tell you what each entails and go through sample answer explanations. Type 1: Identification These are the standard questions you’ll see on the World History Subject Test.Basically, you must identify a statement that most accurately describes a certain ideology or event in history.In this case, you just need to know the main tenets of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism was an ideology that modeled itself after the idea of natural selection, taking a favorable view of competition in society.Since we know Social Darwinism emphasizes competition, we can eliminate Choice B and Choice D.Choice E can also be eliminated because Social Darwinism was a highly secular ideology. Now we’re left with just A and C.A should be eliminated.Although it’s close to being correct, it’s not as harsh as Social Darwinism and doesn’t mention the concepts involved in natural selection.It’s too nice, to put it bluntly. Choice C is the correct answer here! Type 2: Image-Based These types of questions can refer to maps, symbols, or cultural markers and will ask you to interpret them based on your knowledge of world history (and, in this case, geography). From the question, we know we are looking for the dots that represent the easternmost and westernmost borders of the Islamic world in the 8th century. Muhammad died in the 7th century, after which the Islamic state continued to expand under the early Caliphs and the Umayyad Caliphate.At this point, the empire stretched all the way from western Asia to present-day Morocco in NorthAfrica.This means that the easternmost limit would be dot 1, and the westernmost limit would be dot 9. In this case, it's critical to know that the eastern boundary of the empire was in present-day Russia. If you could determine that dot 1 was the correct choice for the easternmost point, you were able to eliminate choices C through E right away. Then, you were left to decide whether 7 or 9 was the correct answer for the western border of the empire. Knowing that this was a time when the Islamic empire was expanding dramatically, dot 9 appears to be the most logical choice. You can see that even without EXACT knowledge of where the empire began and ended at this time, it's possible to make guided inferences to get to the correct answer.Choice B is the answer we want! Type 3: Cause and Effect These questions will ask why or how developments in history came about, so you'll need to possess a strong understanding of the progression of events in different geographical regions.This question asks why a certain ideology was developed. What were Christians pushing back against with the â€Å"monastic ideal†? To choose the correct answer, you have to understand the situation of Christians at the time.Most lived in the eastern Mediterranean region around Egypt in the late 3rd and early 4th century. You might remember that some of the first Christians were persecuted, so you’d be tempted to choose A or E.However, at the time when the â€Å"monastic ideal† became popular, Christianity had already been legalized under Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century. The monastic idealwas a direct rejection of riches and earthly pleasures for a Christian life of solitude and prayer. Of the remaining choices, Choice D fits the cause and effect relationship best.It’s the answer that’s most strongly connected to the main tenets of the monastic ideal and what it attempted to counteract. What Does the SAT World History Subject Test Cover? Here’s a breakdown of the topics you’ll see on the test by era and geographical region: Chronological Material Approximate Percentage of Test Prehistory and civilizations before 500 CE 25% 500 to 1500 CE 20% 1500 to 1900 CE 25% Post-1900 CE 20% Cross-chronological 10% Geographical Material Approximate Percentage of Test Global or comparative 25% Europe 25% Africa 10% Southwest Asia 10% South and Southeast Asia 10% East Asia 10% The Americas (excluding the US) 10% As you can see, questions are pretty evenly distributed amongthe different eras of world history.Europe is the most prevalent geographical region on the test, but global or comparative questions that span different regions are also common. SAT World History Subject Test Prep Materials There are a variety of tools you can use to prepare for the test.These include review books, online quizzes, and printable full practice tests.Here are a few examples of different prep materials that may be helpful to you: Review Books If you're looking for a resource that will walk you through the entire study process from planning to studying to practice testing, a review book might be the best option for you. These books provide sample practice questions and content summaries that cover only the most relevant information. Referring to a review book is easier than studying a whole year's worth of notes. Review books are particularly helpful if you're not coming to the test fresh out of a world history class. They're a great way of refreshing your memory without overwhelming you with information. Here are some options: Official Study Guide for All SAT Subject Tests (if you’re taking other subject tests as well this might be nice to have) Official Study Guide for US History and World History Barron’s SAT Subject Test World History Cracking the World History Subject Test Kaplan SAT Subject Test World History College Board There are also free resources for practice questions on the College Board site. You'll find a few sample questions in the overall guide to every subject test as well as a setof automatically scored online practice questions: A few sample questions for World History (go to page 11) and answer explanations Online practice questions (automatic scoring) Other Unofficial Practice Tests Here are some additional unofficial online resources you might use to study individual topics in world history or take extra practice tests. Just keep in mind that these questions aren't always accurate reflections of what you'll see on the real exam. Maintain a balance between official and unofficial practice questions in your studying so that you don't run into any surprises on the test. Varsity Tutors Practice Tests These short quizzes cover all topics in SAT World History.They also show the difficulty level next to each quiz so you can tell whether you’re up to speed with the toughest questions. CrackSAT Practice Tests This site has two full-length practice tests with questions that accurately reflect the real test content.It also has a bunch of shorter quizzes on each historical era. Albert IO Quizzes Albert IOhas mini-quizzes for all the time periods and global regions up to 1945. Individual questions are categorized by difficulty level, although you do need to pay for a subscription to access most practice questions. 4Tests Practice Exam This is a quick 34-question diagnostic test that you can use to get a better sense of your overall readiness for the exam. Study Tips for the SAT Subject TestWorld History Here are a few tips that you should keep in mind as your review the material. Studying strategically will have a strong positive impact on your scores. Tip 1: Think on a Large Thematic Scale You don’t have to memorize everything that’s happened in human history to do well on this test.It’s about ideologies, empires, and major conflicts throughout history.If you understand the overall chronology, the major political players, and the different cultural viewpoints, you’ll get most of the questions right. During any given century, you should have a basic idea of what was going on in each geographical region.Ask yourself these questions: Who was in control? What was the ruling political ideology or religious philosophy? Which other important ideologies or political factions existed on the fringes? What major developments in the arts and sciences were facilitated? Then, you should be able to say why and how control shifted to other world powers in the next century or eraand ask yourself the same questions! Tip 2: Time Yourself on Practice Questions As I mentioned, this is a fast-paced test.You should prepare yourself to move quickly (no more than 30 seconds per question).The best way to do this is to take timed practice tests, or at least do sets of questions where you time yourself as you go through them.Get used to what 30 seconds per question feels like so you don’t run out of time when you have to take the real test! Tip 3: Map It Out If you find that diagrams and other visual aids help your studying, it might be helpful to bring a world map into the mix.If you can see the territory governed by various empires at certain times and how it was transformed, you might have an easier time remembering the information on the test.A global map is a good way to view change and cause-and-effect in history concretely on a large scale.If you’re feeling ambitious, you could label world maps for each historical era with the major states and empires that were active and how much territory they covered.This way you can see how things have evolved from the beginning of human history to the present day. Or, you can take things one step further and carve a realistic silhouette of the continents out of a slice of an old stump. Worth it. Test Taking Tips for the World History Subject Test Finally, here are some tips that will come in handy on test day! Even if you feel confident about your knowledge of the material, you can always improve your overall approach. Tip 1: Don’t Get Distracted by Extra Info Sometimes the questions on the test will give you the name of a historical figure or specific place that’s not necessary to know to answer the question correctly.For instance, in the multiple-choice example dealing with Social Darwinism, the question mentions Herbert Spencer. It’s great if you knew who Herbert Spencer was, but if you didn’t, it really wouldn’t matter as long as you were familiar with Social Darwinism overall.These extra details can be distracting because they make it seem like the question is asking for something more specific than it is.Most of these questions are pretty broad when you get down to what they’re asking at their core, so don’t panic if you see an unfamiliar name. Tip 2: Avoid Guessing Guessing on Subject Tests is (mostly) a no-no because the incorrect answer penalty still exists.Don’t take a guess unless you can narrow down your choices to four or fewer possible answers.The risks outweigh the benefits otherwise.If you don’t get to a question or are just completely stumped, leave it blank. Tip 3: Skip Hard Questions This is a fast paced test. Ninety-five questions in 60 minutes means a little more than 30 seconds per question.You absolutely cannot afford to waste any time.If you find yourself lingering on a question for more than 30 seconds without coming up with any answers, skip it and move onto the next one.Don’t risk missing out on points you might earn later in the section by dwelling on tough questions that you’re unlikely to answer correctly.If you do end up getting through the whole test before time is called, you can always go back and work on these questions. Don't commit self-sabotage by obsessing over the most difficult questions! Conclusion The World History SAT Subject Test will ask you to demonstrate a general knowledge of the progression of events throughout human history. It's best to take the test right after you finish a year-long class in world history so that you're already familiar with most of the information. The study tips I recommend employing for this test include: #1: Think on a Thematic Scale #2: Take Timed Practice Tests #3: Map Out History Some test-taking tips you should remember on exam day are: #1: Don't Get Distracted By Extra Information #2: Avoid Guessing #3: Skip Hard Questions (at First) You can use the review books and online resources listed in this guide to hone your skills and refresh your memory on content. If you've been primed by a course in world history, you shouldn't have a problem mastering this information and earning a high score. What's Next? Will you be taking both AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Read this article to find out which type of test is more important and how they differ from one another. Are you applying to Ivy League or other highly competitive colleges? This article details the average subject tests scores for admitted students at these schools so you can set smart goals! If you think you'd be more interested in a Subject Test that covers a shorter period of history, head over to my ultimate study guide for the US History Subject Test. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Recuitment and Selection Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recuitment and Selection Process - Essay Example The new employees must be able to meet the standards for innovation in law enforcement (Ackerman, 2009). Special Agents To achieve its objectives, the FBI looks for highly motivated men and women who posses the intelligence, skills and integrity necessary to be a special agent. Special Agent candidates are required to have a Bachelor’s degree in any discipline and three years of full-time work experience. In addition, citizens can also qualify to be an FBI agent with a degree in law, accounting, engineering, computer science, or any 4-year degree and fluency in a foreign language needed by the FBI. The main languages that are considered include: Spanish, Russian or Chinese (Fbijobs.gov, 2012). Qualification Requirements for Police Officers The FBI recruits any US citizen of 21 years and above. In addition, the prospective agents must have a valid driver’s license as well as pass the FBI background investigation. The candidates are then required to receive a top secret s ecurity clearance. There are various requirements to qualify as an FBI police officer. However, there are educational and job related experience that is needed in every position. Experienced police officers are allowed to join the FBI at grade GS6, GS 7 or GS 8 grade levels. Other police officer who do not have specialized work experience can only join the FBI at grade GS 5. ... In addition, the FBI allows police officers to submit their resumes directly to the police recruiters. After the application process, the recruits are then subjected to a written test and panel interview (Fbijobs.gov, 2012). 2. Phase I Testing After the best candidate for the position has been selected, they are then contacted and scheduled for testing. Written tests are given to the successful applicants. In addition, panel interview is also conducted on the applicants. The writing test normally takes place at the FBI facility. Tests consist of two processes. The first process involves a written and video portion. Process two involves a panel interview which is conducted by active duty FBI police officers. Candidates who qualified through foreign language requirements are given additional test to determine their proficiency in the foreign languages (Fbijobs.gov, 2012). 3. Phase II testing A candidate must be selected based on their competitiveness, and the requirements of the FBI. T hese candidates also qualify for a conditional Job offer. The FBI selects candidates based on their budgetary constraints and skills required to perform the duties. The FBI officers ensure that successful applicants know the job title, GS law enforcement pay grade and salary (Fbijobs.gov, 2012). 4. The FBI Background Investigation Successful candidates who have been able to get a conditional job offer at the FBI are required to provide their personal information to the Equip system. In addition, the candidates are required to have a Top secret clearance before they begin the background investigation. During the background test, candidates are expected to go through a polygraph investigation procedure as well as through credit

Nursing Informatic Job Roles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Informatic Job Roles - Coursework Example This integration is meant to enhance communication, management and expansion of knowledge, information, wisdom and data within the nursing practice (Bickford, 2009). Nursing informatics development can partly be attributed to the developments in the computer world whose applications have pervaded the whole medical field continuum. Computer application in knowledge management is currently applicable in clinical practice, nursing research and nursing education (Anderson et al., 2012). The recognition of the importance of NI led to the development of certification of nurses specializing in NI from 2005. The NI nurses have led to better patient outcomes through the application of their expertise in information technologies, structures and processes. This has helped other medical providers and nursing and medical practitioners in creating evidence-based practice and a clear record of practice that facilitates research, decision-making and policy development (Anderson et al., 2012). This p aper critically reviews three nursing informatics job advertisements to determine whether the job descriptions are in line with the NI scope of operation, functional area definition and standards of practice. It is an analytical review aimed at determining whether the jobs have the right designation, which should take consideration of all elements of the nursing informatics field. ... ob Requirement Summaries Descriptive Details Job One Job Two Job Three Job Title -Nurse Informatics -Nursing Informaticist -Clinical Informatics Supervisor Academic Qualifications -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Information system courses. -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Bachelors degree (BSN). -NI Certification by â€Å"American Nursing Credentialing Centre† (ANCC). Competencies & skills. -Computer skills. -Customer service skills. -Communication skills. - (missing). -Knowledge on computer applications and documentation. - Experience -1 year teaching or administrative role. -2 years in a clinical role with systems application. -5 years clinical nursing experience. -3-4 years’ experience in clinical nursing. -2 years’ experience in nursing staff education. -5 years’ experience in acute care set up. -Healthcare information systems’ knowledge. -Experience in NI. Job Type -Full time -Full time -Regular/Full time Other Requirements -RN Licensure -RN licensure -RN l icensure -Membership in relevant nursing body. Job Descriptions Job One Create liaison with the medical staff, nursing practitioners, house staff and other care sectors in order to plan, design, develop, implement, maintain and evaluate electronic medical records and systems. Analyze structural processes and clinical operations in a manner that facilitates development of decision-making structures relating to clinical systems. Determine clinical processes that deserve computerization using clinical practice experience and knowledge. Ensure compliance of information systems with regulations and standards of practice. Assist with data analysis, quality assessment and design workflow and CKI. Job Two Change work culture related to technology implementation. Provide technological support in clinical information system.

Tamworth Town Essay Example for Free

Tamworth Town Essay The task is to create some sort of form that will capture the relevant data from the people who fill it in. Consequently, people fill it in after collecting it in the shop, or at other shops and then we get members, which leads to rentals, and money for my Uncle. The data capture form will be an A5 piece of paper, and will have all the relevant fields needed to input a new customer into the list. In this task, I will have to use boxes that are the same size and ones that are big enough to fit hand written letters in. In addition, the boxes will need to be straight, or it will look incompetent. Moreover, to create a professional look, it will have to be a small form, two per A4 sheets, because one per A4 sheet would be rather large, and extremely clumsy. Additionally, to reduce incompetence, I should align the boxes singularly, so that every box is in line perfectly. For each field I will need the correct number of boxes: Title = 4 boxes   First Name = 16 boxes   Second Name = 16 boxes   House Number = 12 boxes   Road Name = 16 boxes   Town = 12 boxes   Postal Code = 4 and 3 boxes Home Phone = 5 and 6 boxes Date of Birth = 2 and 2 and 4 boxes. Password = 16 boxes Software Requirements The software I choose must be able to: Import pictures, so that I can put use my created logo publicly. Create input boxes, so that they can be filled in appropriately, a letter at a time.   Move pictures, so that the logo can be moved into an appropriate position.   Input text, so that the input boxes have titles, so that people know where to write what.   Overlap and underlay objects, so that if the logo is near any input boxes, it can under lap them, and not overlap them with its white background. Change the text font, and size, so that I do not have to keep boring Arial text, and can make good titles.   Align objects, so that my input boxes can be arranged in a line, so they are straight, and not odd and disproportionate. Software I could use Microsoft Word to do this task. However, it is only a word processor, and cannot do some complex functions I need to perform. It cannot align objects, as far as I know, and for a professional look, I definitely need this feature, I need the input boxes to look as neat as possible. I also know of no way to under and overlap objects in MSWord. This is also important if I wish to place my logo directly above my input boxes, as its white background may go over the top of the boxes. I could use Serif Page plus eight for this task. It is a publishing program, and has all of the features I need. It can import pictures using the usual copy and paste technique, but through Insert Picture as well. It can create boxes using the object drawer, which preset is a box. So all you need to do is click on the box on the left hand side toolbar, and draw the box to the wanted size. It can move pictures by dragging them, click, and hold, then drag. It can input text in two ways, a normal frame box, or a graphic text one. The normal one is easier to read, so I will use that. It can over and under lap objects with the two buttons on the arrange toolbar, at the top: With these, the left sends the item to the back, and the right one brings the picture to the front. It can change text through the formatting toolbar, which is normally on the top of the display, at the bottom of all the toolbars. It can align objects by highlighting them and then right clicking and clicking Align Objects, and then selecting to which side it needs aligning. This is useful because you can choose which side you can align it to. Conclusion I am going to use Serif page plus eight for this task because it is the best program for the job. It can do everything that is needed from the task and can do a lot more than Microsoft Word can. It can underlay and overlap, and it can align objects, both of which are key to the task in hand. It is simple to use and all the major tools are on the screen in toolbars, no need to use menus. Outline Plan I am going to load a new page and then turn it into landscape mode. After that, I will produce titles for each input subject, and then create boxes for each input subject; the numbers of boxes are listed above. Then I will put the background in, by creating a square and using the fill and linear techniques to put a white and light blue background behind all the boxes. I will then put the logo at the top above all the boxes, to the left a bit, leaving space on the right for the address to go in. After that I will input two more graphics, which are two port-hole type circles, with a blue centre, I have two different sizes, the big will go at the top, and the small at the bottom.

The Marriage Ordeal: Rights and Ramifications :: essays research papers fc

2005  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Marriage Ordeal: Rights and Ramifications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a country with it’s fundamentals based on liberty and equality, America has always struggled with those very concepts. Throughout history, Americans have been challenged to make decisions that have oppressed and freed certain groups of people. The political fight for same-sex marriages is a perfect example of this notion. This relation between spouses has created a major controversy that is creating history in our nation. A series of protests, acts and political scandal has finally opened America to discuss a topic that had been in â€Å"the closet† for a long time. This discussion asks questions that have caused a visceral reaction in society. Questions such as whether gays and lesbians should marry, and if so, should they be granted the same matrimony rights as heterosexual couples? Should marriage be protected to fit traditional American values? How would these unions affect or contribute to our definition of such a celebrated institution? .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tradition is a strong component in the institution of marriage. The ideal American dream usually involves the perfect fairy-tale wedding with the gorgeous white wedding dress for the bride, the matching bridesmaids, the well-arranged bouquet and the numerous rituals that compose this well thought-out event. Usually it requires a great amount of planning, devotion and dollars to make the important day memorable. Family and friends come together to rejoice in the vows that will bond the two lovers into a lifetime journey of love, commitment and fidelity. Each person in the couple is expected to have a role in this institution. According to Judith Wallerstein and Sandra Blakeslee, â€Å"in the idealized form of the older model of traditional marriage, the man’s primary job for self-definition is to provide for the economic well-being, protection, and stability of his family ...The woman’s job and self-definition†, on the other hand, continue Wall erstein and Blakeslee, â€Å"is to care for her husband and children and to create a comfortable home that nourishes everyone, particularly her husband, who comes home each evening drained by the demands of his job (211).† With a constantly changing society, the concept of marriage has also varied. The â€Å"quickie† Vegas drive-through wedding or the underwater vow exchange is not as unusual or shocking as it once was. Even the roles of the persons involved have changed to fit the shape of society’s needs. For example the modern â€Å"companionate marriage† which is â€Å"founded on the couple’s shared beliefs that men and women are equal partners in all spheres of life and that their roles, including those of marriage, are completely interchangeable (Wallerstein, Blakeslee 155).

Discuss how Stevenson presents duality in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

In this essay I will show how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented duality in his novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. The novella is about a respectable gentleman, Dr Jekyll, and how, under the pressure of high society in Victorian England, experiments with potions to eventually come up with one that would turn him into Mr Hyde, a disreputable and evil man. Written in 1886, the novella was based around the pressure to be respectable that Robert Louis Stevenson himself felt in high society of the Victorian era. It was also influenced by scandals of the time such as Deacon Brodie. Brodie, who suffered from gambling debts, was a cabinet maker for people in the higher class. To try and pay off his debts he would break into the cabinets that he had sold and steal the valuables inside. This fits into the story of Jekyll and Hyde since Jekyll is a nice, respectable gentleman who turns into an evil, lower class man, Hyde. There was also a growing awareness of chemistry and psychology at the time the novella was written. Sigmund Freud, a famous chemist and psychologist, convinced people that duality did exist in humans – that in one person there could be both good and evil, such as in Jekyll and Hyde, who were the same person, with the help of a potion, but Jekyll was good and Hyde evil. Since the novella was written in 1886 it was targeted at Victorian people. When it was first published it sold around 40,000 copies, mainly to the higher classes of Victorian England. They would have seen it as a twist on a horror book. The Victorians were into gothic books, except that they were always set in foreign countries and in the past. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ differs to these stories since it was set in London and in the then present day. In 1888, Jack the Ripper surfaced in the newspapers. This would not only have boosted the sales of Stevenson’s novella but would have been connected to it. Both the former and the latter ideas are because of the rumour that went around England at the time that Jack the Ripper was someone of upper class and respectable by day but commit atrocious murders by night, like the duality of Jekyll and Hyde. Duality appears throughout the novella, including the characters. Mr Utterson is a lawyer and good friend of Henry Jekyll. â€Å"†¦of a rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This description of Mr Utterson, from the first page, portrays him to be a grumpy man, with sharp features on his face, who doesn’t get on with anybody and who would drink on his own. However: â€Å"†¦somehow loveable.† This quote, again from the first page, shows the duality of the book since Utterson is described to be miserable and yet everybody loves him. This is enforced by the adjective ‘lovable’ since this word implies that he is pretty easy to get on with and he isn’t just liked by those who know and get on with him, instead he is loved. The quotes convey that no matter what someone’s demeanour they can still be kind and popular. This introduces the theme of duality for the reasons said above. â€Å"I let my brother go to the devil in his own way.† Being a lawyer, Mr Utterson is supposed to help others in any way he can, however, this metaphor is telling the reader that no matter how much he could do for someone, Utterson doesn’t really care about them. This portrays Robert Louis Stevenson’s idea of duality. â€Å"†¦least save his credit†¦I shall be back before midnight, when we shall send for the police.† This quote shows duality since Utterson himself said that he would ‘let his brother go to the devil in his own way’, yet here he is trying to save the reputation of one of his very good friends, Jekyll. To do this though, the good, honourable, respectable, law abiding lawyer does not send for the police as soon as he and Poole, Dr Jekyll’s butler, discover the dead body of a certain Mr Edward Hyde lying on Jekyll’s cabinet floor. Instead, he goes home for two hours to read the letters that both Dr Lanyon, another good friend of both Utterson and Jekyll, and Jekyll left for him to read on the disappearance or death of Henry Jekyll. It also shows duality in that Utterson is a lawyer, who should go to the police but doesn’t. â€Å"†¦in case of disappearance†¦read the name Gabriel John Utterson.† This quote shows duality because as Utterson finds, and reads, Jekyll’s Last Will and Testament, Utterson, to his own amazement, reads his name instead of Hyde’s. This shows duality since Utterson is down as the last good friend of Dr Henry Jekyll, who would become disreputable and a big scandal if any one were to find out what he did. Dr Lanyon is another character in the novella, and a good friend of Jekyll and Utterson. â€Å"This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red faced gentleman with a shock of hair prematurely white.† This quote portrays Lanyon to be a friendly, upper class gentleman who has plenty to drink. However, later on in the novella, Stevenson describes Lanyon: â€Å"The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote and the latter, reveals the duality between them since in the first quote he is described as being healthy and in the second as being on his death bed. The reader would want to know what has happened in such a short time to make this change in Lanyon appear so suddenly – because he saw Hyde mix the potion, take a drink, and turn to Jekyll in front of his very own eyes – all of which is revealed in the second to last chapter ‘Dr Lanyon’s Narrative’. To get the potions to Hyde however, Jekyll had to get Lanyon to steal for him. The very idea of Jekyll wanting another respectable gentleman breaking in and stealing the potions for him and Hyde would have been a very big scandal if Lanyon was caught, and Lanyon would go from respectable gentleman to disrespectable in a few hours. Stevenson’s novella is all about Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. â€Å"†¦the doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows how Jekyll is popular among the upper class, among his friends, and rich enough to hold dinners. The adverb ‘pleasant’ conveys to the audience that everyone Jekyll invited got on with each other and it reinforces the idea that Jekyll is rich since he can hold dinners and provide nice food. â€Å"†¦sat Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick.† This quote describes Jekyll sitting in his large cabinet room, after the death of sir Danvers Carew. It reveals how Jekyll is feeling remorse for knowing, or as the reader later finds out, for being Mr Hyde – who was identified as the murderer of Carew. It portrays how Jekyll regrets his actions and wishes, to get away from the pressures of high society life in Victorian England. â€Å"†¦8th of January Utterson had dined at the doctors†¦On the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer.† This reference conveys to the audience the duality in the novella, since four days after Utterson had seen Jekyll, and dined with him and Dr Lanyon, he was being denied entry to Jekyll’s house. This shows the duality since Jekyll was so ill that he couldn’t stand up to greet Utterson when Utterson went to see him, before being fine and healthy enough to hold a dinner party and then not allowing anyone into his house to see him all of a sudden without anybody knowing why. â€Å"†¦born in 18__ to a large fortune†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays how Henry Jekyll recognises how he was born into a rich family. The adjectives ‘large’ and ‘fortune’ suggests he was born into a highly respected family, something that was of high importance in Victorian England. It shows how he didn’t have to work hard for the position in society that he was in, only keep up his appearances with others of his class. â€Å"†¦worst of my faults was a certain gaiety of disposition, such as made the happiness of many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reference shows that Jekyll felt money wasn’t everything. He felt that where it made most men content, it didn’t make him happy. It conveys to the reader how he wants to be happy, although where he is in life and society wasn’t making his wishes come true. We learn later in the novella how this wish brings him to start mixing formulas that would eventually turn him into Mr Hyde. â€Å"†¦found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The quote above portrays how, although Jekyll wants to be happy, he believes the only way would be one that was irreputable. However, he does not wish to lose his place in the upper class of society and he does not wish to lose his friends, both of which would happen if he did what he desired to do to become happier. This therefore is what led Jekyll to create the potion, as well as the written version of events, for Utterson to read, in ‘Henry Jekyll’s full statement of the case’ where Dr Jekyll writes his version, and the truth of what happened in the last months of his life. â€Å"Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reveals how Jekyll had been hiding secrets since before creating the mixture that would turn him to Hyde, hiding what it was that was making him happy. The verb ‘concealed’ tells the reader that Jekyll was being very careful about his pleasures. It conveys the importance of nobody finding out about Jekyll’s secret more than if Stevenson had written the verb ‘hid’ instead. â€Å"†¦already committed to a profound duplicity of life.† This conveys one of the themes in the novella, the theme of duplicity, and how it is not only in the settings and the characters but that the characters knew about it. We know this because of the adjective ‘duplicity’ – portraying to the reader how Jekyll has two lives, however different they are. â€Å"†¦morbid sense of shame.† This quote reveals how although Jekyll wanted to be happy, he is ashamed of how his life has turned out. The alliteration of the ‘s’ sound in ‘sense’ and ‘shame’ enforces the idea, in the readers mind, that he is ashamed of being Mr Hyde, of what he has done and is still doing as Mr Hyde and that both of these irreputable things are making him happy. â€Å"†¦not truly one, but truly two.† This does not reveal duality within the story, rather in the themes of the novella. It indicates the views of Dr Jekyll – that in one man, there is both good and evil, one of the themes. Jekyll describes how good and evil are different parts of the soul, and that good conquers evil in a raging war within the soul, and that is what makes a man good. â€Å"†¦flushed as I was with hope and triumph, to venture in my new shape†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As this quote conveys, Stevenson has written about how someone can be addicted to drugs. It shows that even someone of high stature can become addicted, in this case Dr Jekyll. Jekyll is addicted to how he can do what he wants as Mr Hyde, without losing any of his own stature, rather than do the respectable things he would have to do as himself to be happy. It reveals duality in the fact that a respectable gentleman such as Jekyll can be addicted to the painful pangs and nausea the mixture makes him feel, whilst turning into Hyde. Edward Hyde is often portrayed animal-like. â€Å"†¦like a monkey jumped up from among the chemicals.† This quote makes the reader imagine a monkey like creature jumping up upon hearing Poole, Jekyll’s butler, coming towards Jekyll’s cabinet. It creates the picture of Hyde being small, dumpy, and hairy and as having very long arms, whilst showing duality since Hyde is a man not a monkey. â€Å"The other snarled aloud into a savage laugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote the adjective ‘snarled’ gives the image of Hyde as a savage beast, again being portrayed as some sort of animal. It also conveys how Hyde is an evil person, since someone who is portrayed as being a savage cannot be any good, and this would have been the view of people in Victorian England. Stevenson has used language to paint a picture of what Hyde might look like in the readers mind. â€Å"†¦so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.† This reference, again, allows the reader to imagine what Hyde looks like. It conveys how the other characters react to Hyde, that they all feel an air of deformity whenever they see him or speak to him, and that he looks so ugly, so mean that they feel uneasy around him. All of the latter three quotes show duality since Hyde is portrayed as being a small and ugly man with the impression of being deformed somewhere on his body. He is also conveyed as a mean, evil person via the descriptive language used by Stevenson. This is in contrast to Jekyll, since Jekyll is a respected gentleman and doctor of chemistry, who is regularly invited to dinner parties hosted by other well respected people in society. He is also taller, thinner and older than Hyde. All of the characters who ‘meet’ Hyde in the novella seem to act in the same way towards him. This conveys to the reader just how unlikeable Hyde is. This is important to the story because it shows how everybody thinks him an evil man. It helps show the duality between Jekyll and Hyde. However, it isn’t just the characters that show duality within Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†. It is also revealed in the settings – the weather and the buildings – and also in the narrative structure. â€Å"The door†¦neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. Tramps slouched†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays the quality of the door that Hyde uses to enter Dr Jekyll’s house and grounds. This is in contrast to the front of Jekyll’s house: â€Å"†¦which wore a great air of wealth and comfort†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This portrays an image of what Jekyll’s house looks like from the front – a grand house whose owner is wealthy and of a high social class. The latter quote also shows duality with Hyde’s house in Soho. â€Å"†¦showed him a dingy street†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays what kind of area Hyde’s house is in. In the Victorian era, Soho was poverty stricken and full of prostitution, although there is no indication that Hyde was into prostitution and gambling (other than Jekyll turning into Hyde because doing respectable things did not make him happy). It shows the difference between Jekyll’s big, respectable house in a respectable of London and Hyde’s dingy flat on a polluted street in the centre of London. â€Å"An ivory faced and silvery haired woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote describes the Soho house landlady (or Hyde’s landlady). When the reader reads this they presume she is a nice friendly woman. However: â€Å"She had a smooth face, smoothed by hypocracy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows duality in contrast with the quote before. It shows how a nice old lady may look nice but in fact can be evil, someone who doesn’t like herself. I say evil because later in the chapter ‘The Carew Murder Case’ she is excited and delighted by the idea of Hyde being in trouble with the police. Hyde’s house in Soho is, to Utterson’s surprise, well furnished. â€Å"†¦furnished with luxury and good taste†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This conveys duality with how the house looks on the outside. With Soho being a dodgy area in Victorian England, and the street being described as ‘dingy’, the reader first imagines a poor, poverty filled room, not a luxury, well furnished house. London is also shown in a dual nature. â€Å"†¦down a by street in a busy quarter of London. The street was small and what is called quiet.† This quote shows duality in how although a street is in a busy area of London, off a busy main street; it is actually very quiet (it would be expected to be busy if it’s off a main street). Stevenson has even included duality in the weather. â€Å"†¦cool and a little damp, and full with premature twilight,†¦still bright with sunset.† This quote conveys duality to the reader since Jekyll’s courtyard is described at the beginning of the quote – that it is cold and looks as though it is around the time frame of dusk. However, the later half of the quote explains, it is in fact still sunny (nearing sunset) and so in theory Jekyll’s courtyard should be quite light. â€Å"A fog rolled over the city†¦ early part of the night was cloudless.† This reveals duality because it shows how the night was cloudless, until the fog came in. the adjective ‘rolled’ gives the impression that the fog came swiftly, rather than slowly. â€Å"About nine in the morning†¦ number of degrees and hues of twilight†¦ dark like the back end of evening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote conveys to the reader that whatever time of day it is in Soho, it still looks like it’s dark, like it is night. This quote shows the duality of the weather by giving the time of day and describing what it looked like. The fog described is more likely to be smog from the factories, since the novella is set in the Victorian times. However, it does cast an eerie effect on the image conjured in the readers mind, would have made them think something sinister was about to happen. There are many locked doors in Stevenson’s novella. This symbolises how secretive the story is, Utterson hypothetically being stopped solving the mystery of Jekyll and Hyde, by doors not able to be opened until another section of the mystery is found, and the actual looked doors that Jekyll shuts himself up behind. The narrative structure also shows duality since in the first seven chapters the narrative is third person. â€Å"†¦resumed the lawyer.† This shows the third person narrative structure of ‘The Last Night’. However, the last two chapters are written in first person, ‘Dr Lanyon’s Narrative’ is written by Lanyon from his point of view and tells of what he knows about Jekyll and Hyde, and explains the cause of his death. The last chapter is also in first person, however this is from the perspective of Dr Jekyll himself, who explains everything that had happened. â€Å"I rose from my place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These show duality because the first seven chapters, although written in third person, are all about Utterson and what he does to try and unravel the mystery between Jekyll and Hyde. They also show Utterson’s thoughts and feelings. The chapters are all arranged to follow what happens to Utterson and the titles are all to do with what happens within the chapter itself (and give a clue to what the chapter is about). The last two are in the order they are because that way Lanyon doesn’t repeat what the reader knows from reading Jekyll’s chapter, if they were the other way around. In this essay I have shown how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented the theme of duality in his novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. I have achieved this by analysing the language of the text that describes the characters, weather, buildings and the narrative structure.

Jesse Jame

Jesse James Paige Riley College Prep English Ms. Engel Works Cited 1881, with authorities growing suspicious, Jesse rented a house in Saint Joseph, and Missouri. â€Å"Jesse James – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. <http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jesse_James â€Å"Jesse James Biography. † Biography Base Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www. biographybase. com/biography/james_jesse. html>. Bio True Story Jesse James Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography. om . † Bio True Story Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography. com . N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www. biography. com/people/jesse-james-9352646>. Green, Carl R. , and William R. Sanford. Jesse James. Hillside, N. J. , U. S. A. : Enslow Publishers, 1992. Print. Triplett, Frank, Joseph W. Snell, and Jerry Valez. The life, times and treacherous death of Jess e James. Chicago: The Swallow Press, 1970. Print. Stiles, T. J.. Jesse James: last rebel of the Civil War. New York: A. A. Knopf, 2002. Print. Jesse JamesThesis: Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasn’t scared to give the law a run for their money. Outline: I. Frank and Jesse a. Who they were b. What caused their rebellion acts II. Rebellions c. What caused them d. Who helped them Riley 1 Jesse James was the living and his younger brother, Frank were always partners in crime. The brothers got themselves in trouble on a regular basis. Running from the law was a typical thing for the James brothers. Jesse and Frank James always seemed to take the law into their own hands.The actual date Jesse James became famous is known to be December 7th, 1869. *DOC* Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasn’t scared to give the law a run for their money. Jesse killed eight men in a one day once. After the war, he returned to his home and was the leader of one of history's most notorious outlaw gangs. He was hurt while surrendering at the end of the war, and later said he had been forced into becoming an outlaw because his family had been punished for nothing in the war. The brothers were surprisingly liked all over the US.People looked at the James brothers as a type of ‘Robin Hood’ taking from the rich and giving to the poor, even though there was no real evidence to prove they did. They started robbing banks and trains, quickly spreading their popularity throughout the nation. The James gang was the most feared outlaw gang in history. There are reports that say the gang was estimated to of stolen around $200,000 from all of the bank robberies. Jesse was a very violent man. If he suspected someone to be an enemy, he would kill them right on the spot.Jesse was once reported to be getting change for a $100 bill once and shot a man in the heart because he though t the man was responsible for killing Bloody Bill. *DOC*3 Despite their criminal and often violent acts, James and his partners were much adored. Journalists were almost always excited to sell stories people of the East with tales of a wild West, exaggerated and romanticized the gang's adventures, often making James as a Robin Hood. James did mess Riley 2 with railroad workers who took private land for the railways. The gang was always a hot topic in newspapers everywhere.People feared Jesse James but at the same time he was known as a respected legendary rebel. James married his cousin in 1847. As feared as they were, the James brothers were both known as loving husbands and a good family man. Jesse and his cousin had two children. Jesse had plenty of money and a loving family yet he still continued his life of crime. Some people say Jesse had a â€Å"Love affair with crime† *DOC* band he just couldn’t stop because of the thrill it gave him. James and his famous gang robbed their way across the Western Frontier.They focused on robbing stagecoaches, banks, trains, and even stores. Out of all of the rebellious things Jesse did, he must have been very good at what he did considering he was never captured while doing them. In 1873 the James gang robbed a train, stealing over $3,000 which is equivalent to over $60,000 today. They tried to throw off people by wearing white masks, pretending they were from the Ku Klux Klan. This robbery made James the most famous of the former Guerillas. To show a symbol of threatening centralization the brothers derailed the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa.Of all the train robberies the James Gang was responsible for they never were reported of stealing from the passengers. Even though they were feared outlaws the gang was surprisingly adored. Journalists and writers were always anxious to interview the gang members, especially Jesse James. The gang wasn’t afraid to go out in public and show themselves. Not st ealing from the passengers is where the Riley 3 idea of Jesse being a â€Å"Robin Hood† because he stole from the train itself, not the innocent people. The downfall of the gang began in September 1876 when they attempted to rob the First National Bank in Minnesota.After a manhunt and the robbery only Frank and James were left un caught and alive. Many of the gang members had been drinking before the robbery and this is what caused the robbery to fail. Two of the gang members were guarding the doors of the bank and this made the citizens suspicious. The cops were soon called and a manhunt began killing and capturing all but Frank and Jesse. After this tragic event Jesse had to recruit people to help him rob the Platte bank which was his last known robbing. *DOC* The James brothers were mostly involved in their gang for a ten year period from 1866 to 1876. DOC* 1 The James brothers were always moving around, avoiding the law. With his brother Frank James and other ex-Confedera tes, with Cole Younger and his brothers, the James gang robbed their way across the Western frontier aiming towards banks, trains, stagecoaches, and stores from Iowa to Texas. Escaping and hiding from even the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, the gang got away with thousands of dollars. James is believed to have carried out the first daylight bank robbery stealing over $60,000 from a bank in Liberty, Missouri.The community always protected them but they were still always on the move. Jesse and Frank planned to do one more robbery alongside Charlie and Bob Ford. Little did the brothers know that the Governor had offered a reward so big that it made the Ford’s turn their backs on the James brothers. Riley 4 On April 3rd, 1882 *DOC* 3 Bob and Jesse were talking a crooked picture on the wall in Jesse’s house. When Jesse turned to straighten the picture Bob shot him in the back of the head, immediately killing Jesse James. The shooting of Jesse caused quite the uproar i n Missouri.The community considered it â€Å"a cowardly assassination† and they were â€Å"outraged at the method used†. *DOC* 3 Frank James soon turned himself in to the police after the death of his beloved brother and partner in crime. The juries did not convict Frank of any of the crimes he was apart of and so Frank walked as a free man. After the tragic death of Jesse James the Ford brothers were hated by everyone. They were known as cowards and traitors. Frank and James had been friends with the Ford brothers for a long time and it was not expected of Bob to shoot Jesse.Bob Ford collected the $10,000 reward for the capture of Jesse James after the murder. The Ford brothers were sentenced to hang for the murder, even though there was a reward for the capture of Jesse before they killed him. The governor of Missouri pardoned the Ford brothers and gave them no punishment for the death of Jesse. Some people say the death of Jesse James was all a hoax and Jesse lived many years after his faked death. It was reported Jesse James ended up living to the age of 103, which was very old, especially back in the 1900s.Ford never admitted to killing James and this left suspicion among the people and Jesse’s loved ones. Many years after the burial of Jesse James the body was tested and it was over 99% likely to be the real Mr. James. The body of the man suspected to be the real Jesse was supposed to be tested at the same time but the bodies were switched and it never did Riley 5 get tested. Even after all of the murders and crimes Jesse James was a part of he died a feared but respected man. He truly was the living definition of a rebellious outlaw!

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment (it is also known as  English for speakers of other languages.) That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria). Also known as  English for speakers of other languages. English as a Second Language also refers to specialized approaches to language teaching designed for those whose primary language is not English. English as a Second Language corresponds roughly to the Outer Circle described by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). Observations Basically, we can divide up countries according to whether they have English as a native language, English as a second language, or English as a foreign language. The first category is self-explanatory. The difference between English as a foreign language and English as a second language is that in the latter instance only, English has actual assigned communicative status within the country. All told, there is a total of 75 territories where English has a special place in society. [Braj] Kachru has divided the English-speaking countries of the world into three broad types, which he symbolizes by placing them in three concentric rings:The inner circle: these countries are the traditional bases of English, where it is the primary language, that is Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.The outer or extended circle: these countries represent the earlier spread of English in non-native contexts, where the language is part of the countrys leading institutions, where it plays a second-language role in a multilingual society. e.g. Singapore, India, Malawi, and 50 other territories. The expanding circle: this includes countries that represent the importance of English as an international language though they have no history of colonization and English has no special administrative status in these countries, e.g. China, Japan, Poland and a growing number of other states. This is English as a foreign language.It is clear that the expanding circle is the one that is most sensitive to the global status of English. It is here that English is used primarily as an international language, especially in the business, scientific, legal, political and academic communities.The terms (T)EFL, (T)ESL and TESOL [Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages] emerged after the Second World War, and in Britain no distinction was seriously made between ESL and EFL, both being subsumed under ELT (English Language Teaching), until well into the 1960s. As regards ESL in particular, the term has been applied to two types of teaching that overlap but are essentially distinct: ESL in the home country of the learner (mainly a UK concept and concern) and ESL for immigrants to ENL countries (mainly a US concept and concern). The term English as Second Language (ESL) has traditionally referred to students who come to school speaking languages other than English at home. The term in many cases is incorrect, because some who come to school have English as their third, fourth, fifth, and so on, language. Some individuals and groups have opted for the term Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) to represent better the underlying language realities. In some jurisdictions, the term English as an Additional Language (EAL) is used. The term English Language Learner (ELL) has gained acceptance, primarily in the United States. The difficulty with the term ELL is that in most classrooms, everyone, regardless of their linguistic backgrounds, is learning English. Sources Fennell,  Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2001.McArthur, Tom.  The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002.Gunderson, Lee.  ESL (ELL) Literacy Instruction: A Guidebook to Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2009.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson Poems

Alfred, Lord Tennyson Poems The poet laureate of Great Britain and Ireland, Tennyson developed his talent as a poet at Trinity College, when he was befriended by Arthur Hallam and members of the Apostles literary club. When his friend Hallam died suddenly at the age of 24, Tennyson wrote one of his longest and most moving poems In Memoriam. That poem became a favorite of Queen Victorias.   Here are some of Tennysons best-known poems, with an excerpt from each one.   The Charge of the Light Brigade Perhaps Tennysons most famous poem, The Charge of the Light Brigade contains the quotable line Rage, rage against the dying of the light. It tells the historical story of the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War, where the British Light Brigade suffered heavy casualties.The poem begins: Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward,All in the valley of DeathRode the six hundred. In Memoriam Written as a eulogy of sorts for his great friend Arthur Hallam, this moving poem has become a staple of memorial services. The famous line Nature, red in tooth and claw, makes its first appearance in this poem, which begins: Strong Son of God, immortal Love,Whom we, that have not seen thy face,By faith, and faith alone, embrace,Believing where we cannot prove A Farewell Many of Tennysons works are focused on death; in this poem, he ponders how everyone dies, but nature will continue after were gone. Flow down, cold rivulet, to the seaThy tribute wave deliver:No more by thee my steps shall beFor ever and for ever Break, Break, Break This is another Tennyson poem where the narrator is struggling to express his grief about a lost friend. The waves break relentlessly on the beach, reminding the narrator that time moves on. Break, break, break,On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utterThe thoughts that arise in me. Crossing the Bar This 1889 poem uses the analogy of the sea and the sand to represent death. Its said that Tennyson requested this poem be included as the final entry in any collections of his work after his death.   Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea, Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal This Tennyson sonnet is so lyrical that many songwriters have tried to put it to music. It ponders, through the use of natural metaphors (flowers, stars, fireflies) what it means to remember someone.   Now sleeps the crimson petal, now the white;Nor waves the cypress in the palace walk;Nor winks the gold fin in the porphyry font:The fire-fly wakens: waken thou with me. The Lady of Shalott Based on an Arthurian legend, this poem tells the story of a lady who is under a mysterious curse. Heres an excerpt: On either side the river lieLong fields of barley and of rye,That clothe the wold and meet the sky;And thro’ the field the road runs by The Splendour Falls on Castle Walls This rhyming, lyrical poem is a somber reflection on how one is remembered. After hearing a bugle call echo around a valley, the narrator considers the echoes that people leave behind.    The splendor falls on castle wallsAnd snowy summits old in story;The long light shakes across the lakes,And the wild cataract leaps in glory. Ulysses Tennysons interpretation of the mythological Greek king finds him wanting to return to traveling, even after many years away from home. This poem contains the famous and oft-quoted line   To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Here is the opening to Tennysons Ulysses. It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags,Match’d with an aged wife, I mete and doleUnequal laws unto a savage race

History and Environment in the Mimbres Valley Article

History and Environment in the Mimbres Valley - Article Example The valley thus experienced a variation in the population over the years, and this affected its overall ecology. The research focuses on how the people survived in this valley; how its ecology changed, and how this differs from the present. The area features a short river, predominantly pinon, juniper and oak trees, orchards and alfalfa, and a floodplain, which continues to be farmed by gravity-fed small irrigation canals. The riverine environment contrasts significantly from surrounding areas, which also has more drought-resistant vegetation. Although it appears the land is fairly preserved, the significant recent degradation as the third cycle of human interference is resulting in more permanent consequences for plant and animal life. The original Mimbres people transformed from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to farming supplemented their diet with wild plants and animals and were self-sufficient. Culturally, they resembled the Hopi and other pueblos. As their population increased, they cut down more trees, engaged in more intensive farming, used more weedy plants, and overexploited select larger animal species. This also denuded the valley bottom from plant life. Some of the check dams constructed in marginal areas to retain rainwater still remain. The first cycle of degradation then occurred between A.D. 1000 to 1130 despite evidence of some measures of environmental conservation. However, as noted by Lt. Emory in 1846, the environmental balance was later restored. This is attributable to the population decline by the 1400s and the preservation of the river. The next cycle of degradation was caused by the opening of a shelter during the later 1800s, in particular from the wood gathered to fuel it resulting in large-scale deforestation aided by steel tools, wagons, and horses. However, this situation reversed after the smelter was closed.